PS1 Emulation

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Description

Note: there are no PS1 emulators available in early Tool/DECR and Debug/DEX firmwares (does not have dev_flash/ps1emu or ps2emu folder. dev_flash/vsh/etc/version.txt & index.dat say: ¨ps1emu:NA@NA: ps2emu:NA@NA: ps2gxemu:NA@NA: emerald:NA@NA: bdp:NA@NA:¨).

Firmware changes related with PS1 emulation
  • Firmware 1.02:
    • Added ps1_emu.self
  • Firmware 1.70:
    • Added ps1_netemu.self
    • Added the ability to play original PlayStation format games downloaded from the PlayStation Store.
    • Added rumble functionality for USB accessories which support it when playing PS2 games.
    • Saved data from PlayStation format software now usable on both PSP and PS3 systems.
    • Backwards compatibility for PS1 and PS2 games was improved.
  • Firmware 1.80:
    • Ability to upscale PS1 and PS2 games
    • Ability to copy PS1/PS2 game saves from PS3 to Memory Cards using a Memory Card adapter.
    • Backwards compatibility for PS1 and PS2 games was improved.
  • Firmware 2.10:
    • Added ps1_newemu.self
    • Added ps1_rom.bin (MD5: FBB5F59EC332451DEBCCF1E377017237)
    • Users can now play PS1 game discs on a PSP with remote play, PSP firmware version 3.50 or newer is required. (this feature was not announced).
    • Backwards compatibility for PS1 and PS2 games was improved (Update was also unannounced but evident in Sony's backwards compatibility search site).
  • Firmware 4.00
    • Updated ps1_rom.bin (MD5: 81BBE60BA7A3D1CEA1D48C14CBCC647B). The new rom is stripped from PS2 related functions. As a result is 3565296 bytes smaller than previous version.

Files

Emulator versions

There is no accurate info in wiki about the different PS1 emulator .self revisions, if you want to collaborate documenting this info see the experimental table on Discussion page

Game formats

See: ISO.BIN.EDAT and PSISOIMG0000

Savegames

  • Location: /dev_hdd0/savedata/vmc

Note: capitalisation of filename is important: name it xxx.VM1 instead of xxxx.vm1 (e.g. Internal Memory Card.VM1 for PSX/PSone, Internal Memory Card.VM2 for PS2/PStwo)

The .VMx files appear to be raw memory card data:

PS1 emulators workload comparison

All emulators seems to use similar workload. Note that SPU 0-4 don't use JOB name per se, so is just info what they do.

ps1_emu.self
Core Job Source Notes
SPU0 PS1 GPU SLI0 SPU ASM PS1 GPU software emulation
SPU1 PS1 GPU SLI1 SPU ASM PS1 GPU software emulation
SPU2 PS1 GPU SLI2 SPU ASM PS1 GPU software emulation
SPU3 PS1 GPU SLI3 SPU ASM PS1 GPU software emulation
SPU4 PS1 SPU SPU ASM PS1 SPU software emulation
SPU5 _libadec_at3CellSpursKernel0 SPU ASM AT library from ps3 firmware
SPU6 Isolation C++ Raw SPU Not PS1 emu specific
SPU7 - - Unavailable: Factory disabled SPU
PPU:0 ? ?
PPU:1 ? ?
ps1_netemu.self
Core Job Source Notes
SPU0 PS1 GPU SLI0 SPU ASM PS1 GPU software emulation
SPU1 PS1 GPU SLI1 SPU ASM PS1 GPU software emulation
SPU2 PS1 GPU SLI2 SPU ASM PS1 GPU software emulation
SPU3 PS1 GPU SLI3 SPU ASM PS1 GPU software emulation
SPU4 PS1 SPU SPU ASM PS1 SPU software emulation
SPU5 _libadec_at3CellSpursKernel0 SPU ASM AT3 library from ps3 firmware
SPU6 Isolation C++ Raw SPU Not PS1 emu specific
SPU7 - - Unavailable: Factory disabled SPU
PPU:0 ? ?
PPU:1 ? ?
ps1_newemu.self
Core Job Source Notes
SPU0 PS1 GPU SLI0 SPU ASM PS1 GPU software emulation
SPU1 PS1 GPU SLI1 SPU ASM PS1 GPU software emulation
SPU2 PS1 GPU SLI2 SPU ASM PS1 GPU software emulation
SPU3 PS1 GPU SLI3 SPU ASM PS1 GPU software emulation
SPU4 PS1 SPU SPU ASM PS1 SPU software emulation
SPU5 _libadec_at3CellSpursKernel0 SPU ASM AT3 library from ps3 firmware
SPU6 Isolation C++ Raw SPU Not PS1 emu specific
SPU7 - - Unavailable: Factory disabled SPU
PPU:0 ? ?
PPU:1 ? ?

Arguments

ps1_emu.self

ps1_emu.self arguments
7 arguments Name Example Notes
argv[0] self starting location dev_flash/ps1emu/ps1_emu.self
argv[1] VM1-1 location dev_hdd0/savedata/vmc/filename1.VM1
argv[2] VM1-2 location dev_hdd0/savedata/vmc/filename2.VM1
argv[3] Regionnumber/TargetID 0082
argv[4] unknown 1200
argv[5] unknown 1 XRegistry.sys/setting/game/emuUpConvert ? (full/normal/off = 2/1/0)
argv[6] unknown 0 XRegistry.sys/setting/game/emuSmoothing ? (on/off = 1/0)

ps1_netemu.self

ps1_netemu.self arguments
9 arguments Name Example Notes
argv[0] Self starting location dev_flash/ps1emu/ps1_netemu.self
argv[1] VM1-1 name (dev_hdd0/savedata/vmc/)argv[1]
argv[2] VM1-2 name (dev_hdd0/savedata/vmc/)argv[2]
argv[3] Regionnumber/TargetID 0084
argv[4] Unknown 1200
argv[5] Path to ps1 game /dev_hdd0/game/NPUJ01324
argv[6] Vibration on/off? 1 Seems to be XRegistry.sys/setting/pad/vibrationEnable
argv[7] Emu UpConvert 0 XRegistry.sys/setting/game/emuUpConvert ? (full/normal/off = 2/1/0)
argv[8] Emu Smoothing 0 XRegistry.sys/setting/game/emuSmoothing ? (on/off = 1/0)

ps1_newemu.self

ps1_newemu.self arguments
9 arguments Name Example Notes
argv[0] self starting location dev_flash/ps1emu/ps1_newemu.self
argv[1] VM1-1 name (dev_hdd0/savedata/vmc/)argv[1]
argv[2] VM1-2 name (dev_hdd0/savedata/vmc/)argv[2]
argv[3] Regionnumber/TargetID 0082
argv[4] unknown 600
argv[5] path to ps1 game /dev_hdd0/game/NPUJ01324
argv[6] unknown 1
argv[7] unknown 2
argv[8] unknown 2

PS1 GPU emulation

That part of all 3 emulators is quite impressive. Task is split between 4 SPE cores, but not in usual way. Every core is responsible for different part of PS1 GPU command flow, which is done dynamically. All that is linked by so called sli (spu link?), and all SPE cores run exactly same elf file. SPE program synchronize using sliTick, and sliTock functions with use of channels 16 - 24, and with help of PPU. That way 4 different PS1 GPU emulators can proceed 4 different PS1 GPU commands at the same time, with synchronization enough to not override other PS1 GPU tasks. As a example you can remove dithering by patch only on SPU0, and observe that only 1/4 of displayed lines will be missing dither pattern.

Game settings

External CONFIG file

Created/loaded by ps1_newemu.self and ps1_netemu.self at path: /USRDIR/CONFIG
Example: 

00000000 1C 00 00 00 50 53 31 45 6D 75 43 6F 6E 66 69 67 ....PS1EmuConfig
00000010 46 69 6C 65 00 97 0A 54 04 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 File...T........
00000020 0F D4 CC B9 10 00 00 00 64 69 73 63 5F 6E 6F 00 ........disc_no.
00000030 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 93 D1 5B F8             ..........[.
Offset size data notes
0x00 0x04 1C 00 00 00 size of the next 4 values
0x04 0x10 PS1EmuConfigFile name/id
0x14 0x04 00 97 0A 54 ?
0x18 0x04 04 00 00 00 ?
0x1C 0x04 01 00 00 00 ?
0x20 0x04 0F D4 CC B9 crc32 of the previous 4 values
0x24 0x04 10 00 00 00 size of the next 3 values
0x28 0x08 disc_no name/id
0x30 0x04 04 00 00 00 amount of discs
0x34 0x04 00 00 00 00 disc number
0x38 0x04 93 D1 5B F8 crc32 of the previous 3 values
  • Other posible entries/commands/id
    • user_memory_size ? (in both ps1_newemu.elf and ps1_netemu.elf appears next to PS1EmuConfigFile and disc_no)

Embedded Game settings

All the PS1 emulators contains a list of game settings embedded inside his .SELF structure inside 3 tables we could name the Checksums Table, the Title IDs table (is the only in human readable format), and the Commands Data Table. The offset of this tables differs by emulator revision and by emulator type
The entry point to read the whole structure of this tables starts by reading the first checksum from the checksums table (read below), next to it there is an offset (to read the Title IDs table), and a Command Count with a Command offset (to read the Commands Data Table), to load the data in the other tables is needed to substract 0x10000 to this offsets located next to the checksum of a specific game
Every command inside the Commands Data Table is 8 bytes where the first 4 bytes are the Command ID (see talk page) and the last 4 bytes is the Command Data
All the Command Data values can be considered the most bottom of this hierarchy... except command ID=0x02(netemu 3.40 up to 4.88) containing an offset to a deeper level of the hierarchy where is stored a list with some of the disc sectors for a few libcrypt protected games

Sector 16 checksum

Checksum is simple Adler32 calculated from 2048 bytes of disc data, starting from 0x9318 offset in raw image. Emulator perform check if that sector have CD001 string, if string is missing "unknown" string is used, and hash calculation is not performed. You can use tools like hashtab to easily calculate checksum for new game.
Is calculated using the data contents only (2048 bytes or 0x800h) of the sector 16 (beginning at the 0x9318 of the RAW/2352 image). Every single byte is used in the process. Calculation code does start at 0xC1658 in the ps1_netemu from 4.88 firmware.

Disassembly of the related function

Super simple python script to calculate checksum, script lack of some checks performed by emu, and is hardcoded to 0x9318 offset, but should be enough.
Usage: edit *your first.bin* to name of your image, run script from CMD. Require python (3?).

Find_checksum.py
Edit-copy purple.svg.png 
import zlib

with open('your first.bin', 'rb') as f:
    f.seek(0x9318)
    suma = zlib.adler32(f.read(2048))
    print (hex(suma))

Game settings lists

TitleID settings hardcoded in ps1_emu.self
 ps1_netemu.self 4.83~4.92  (Icon media data cd.png=349 Japan.png=256 Europe.png=21 United States.png=72)  · 
[edit]
TitleID settings hardcoded in ps1_newemu.self

PS1 rom handling

Current version of ps1_rom file is first 512KB of 1.90 PS2 rom. Previously it was exactly the same version but whole 4MB were supplied to emulator.
Since firmware 2.10++ all PS1 emulators, ps1_emu.self, ps1_netemu.self, ps1_newemu.self uses the since then added ps1_rom.bin bios file. In earlier firmwares file was embed into every emulator self file. File ps1_rom.bin is exactly the same file that was previously embed in all PS1 emulators.

ps1_rom.bin
Firmware Size MD5
2.10 ~ 3.74 4.089.584 FBB5F59EC332451DEBCCF1E377017237
4.00 ~ 4.88 524.288 81BBE60BA7A3D1CEA1D48C14CBCC647B

Region patch

All 3 emulators perform bios patching right after file is loaded into memory. Patch is related to region lock, and is unknown that its responsible for anything else, like timings etc.
There is a string in emulator JJJJAEJEAEJJEJJA which is selector for bios/rom region based on target ID (Product_Code). 

J    J    J    J    A    E    J    E    A    E    J    J    E    J    J    A
0x80 0x81 0x82 0x83 0x84 0x85 0x86 0x87 0x88 0x89 0x8A 0x8B 0x8C 0x8D 0x8E 0x8F

Patch apply to string in VERSTR, X is replaced with appropriate region: 

System ROM Version 5.0 06/23/03 X
Copyright 1993-1999 (C) Sony Computer Entertainment Inc.

Is worth to note that X is always on the same offset in ALL ps1 bios versions, and all ps2 bios images. So in case of bios swap (Talk:PS1_Emulation#ps1_rom.bin ) correct region will be still set.
Patched offset is 0x7FF52 in rom file itself. Cobra have region free patch that in the end make X set to A (America) region, which apparently make bios region free. This can be true as similar thing happen on PCSX2 in ps1 mode. US rom is able to run all regions games, while JPN/EU fail to load different regions. It is because later JPN/EU BIOS versions have got an additional CD licence check introduced, accepting only the discs matching the hardcoded region. US BIOSes have never got this check implemented. By the way, it is the same thing with the PS2 BIOSes - only the US one will accept the discs from all over the world by default (that is why you have to patch the MECHACON for the US DTL region to get true region free playback).

PS1 games management in multiman

Manual starting SELF method

  1. Insert PSX/PSone disc (region/pressed doesn't matter)
  2. Start MultiMAN (e.g. 2.07.01++)
  • Since 02.07.05 the PSX and PS2 discs are properly detected. PSX discs will show in XMB Game Column and you can launch the PS1 game from there. It uses ps1_emu.self default (you can choose Load or Load (Net), latter uses ps1_netemu).
  1. Switch to filemanager mode
  2. Browse to /dev_flash/ps1emu
  3. Select either one of the ps1 emulation SELF files

Note: Some games run better with ps1_emu.self (e.g. Mortal Kombat) while others run better with ps1_netemu.self (e.g. Resident Evil 3). If it doesn't work, try another ps1 emulation SELF file.

Downside: memory card options are unavailable unless you created a Virtual Memorycard before starting MultiMAN (XMB::Category Game:: Memory Card Utility (PS/PS2) > Create a PS1 memory card. Set it to Slot 1 (Press Triangle while selecting the Memory Card, then Assign it). Note: naming it "Internal Memory Card" sometimes works better than other names. MultiMAN 02.07.07 seems to solve the savegame issues.

Changes in MultiMAN 2.07.00/01 for ps1_emu handling

These options where needed to make above work:

  • Added: LV2 access rights to use LV1 Storage Manager (syscall 864)
  • Added: LV1 patch for user access to sys_storage functions (syscalls 600 to 623)

Arguments handling

From multiman.cpp source (line 2502) http://code.google.com/p/multiman/source/browse/source/multiman.cpp?r=8c5b662f1c54d4f95f646949cae3d033b15b1a2e 

{
	char* launchargv[9];
	memset(launchargv, 0, sizeof(launchargv));
	launchargv[0] = (char*)malloc(strlen(mc1)+1); strcpy(launchargv[0], mc1);
	launchargv[1] = (char*)malloc(strlen(mc2)+1); strcpy(launchargv[1], mc2);
	launchargv[2] = (char*)malloc( 5); strcpy(launchargv[2], "0082");
	launchargv[3] = (char*)malloc( 5); strcpy(launchargv[3], "1600");
	launchargv[4] = (char*)malloc(10); strcpy(launchargv[4], app_path);
	launchargv[5] = (char*)malloc( 2); strcpy(launchargv[5], "1");
	launchargv[6] = (char*)malloc( 2); strcpy(launchargv[6], "2");		// full screen	on/off	= 2/1
	launchargv[7] = (char*)malloc( 2); strcpy(launchargv[7], "1");		// smoothing	on/off	= 1/0
	launchargv[8] = NULL;
	unload_modules();
	exitspawn((const char*) "/dev_flash/ps1emu/ps1_netemu.self", (char* const*)launchargv, NULL, NULL, 0, 1001, SYS_PROCESS_PRIMARY_STACK_SIZE_1M);
}

{
	char* launchargv[7];
	memset(launchargv, 0, sizeof(launchargv));
	launchargv[0] = (char*)malloc(strlen(mc1)+1); strcpy(launchargv[0], mc1);
	launchargv[1] = (char*)malloc(strlen(mc2)+1); strcpy(launchargv[1], mc2);
	launchargv[2] = (char*)malloc( 5); strcpy(launchargv[2], "0082");	// region
	launchargv[3] = (char*)malloc( 5); strcpy(launchargv[3], "1200");
	launchargv[4] = (char*)malloc( 2); strcpy(launchargv[4], "1");		// full screen	on/off	= 2/1
	launchargv[5] = (char*)malloc( 2); strcpy(launchargv[5], "1");		// smoothing	on/off	= 1/0
	launchargv[6] = NULL;
	unload_modules();
	exitspawn((const char*) "/dev_flash/ps1emu/ps1_emu.self", (char* const*)launchargv, NULL, NULL, 0, 1001, SYS_PROCESS_PRIMARY_STACK_SIZE_1M);
}
  • Notes:
    • The full screen commented argument seems to be the Upscaler setting available from XMB Settings ⇨ [Game Settings] ⇨ [PS/PS2 Upscaler], with values: full/normal/off = 2/1/0
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