PS3Cobra Payload Reverse Engineering: Difference between revisions
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* | * https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://ps3devwiki.com/files/reDRM/TrueBlue/Datasheets/AMS1117-.pdf | ||
* | * https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://ps3devwiki.com/files/reDRM/TrueBlue/Datasheets/AMS1117.pdf<!--// http://www.sltdigital.com/product/product_pdf/AMS1117.pdf / http://home1.cyber-labo.co.jp/board/goods/pdf/AMS1117.pdf //--> <br /> | ||
<gallery>File:AMS1117 - SOT-223.png</gallery> | <gallery>File:AMS1117 - SOT-223.png</gallery> | ||
Latest revision as of 06:00, 17 April 2023
In case you wanted a simple guide howto run Cobra without a dongle, look here: http://www.ps3hax.net/showthread.php?t=67286
This article is marked for rewrite/restructuring in proper wiki format. You can help PS3 Developer wiki by editing it. |
Description[edit | edit source]
Dongle is DRM to make sure you have the dongle, the firmware 'special' functionality will not work without it.
Hardwarewise, there are many simularities with ReDRM / Piracy dongles like PSJB2/TrueBlue
The Ps3Cobra implements syscall 8 and moves syscall 0 into the payload.
It does some heavy patching on Lv2 code
Lv2 Patches of Cobra Payload 1.2[edit | edit source]
offset | psgroove | cobra 1.2 | cobra 2.0 | comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
9134 | 7d 80 00 26 mfcr r12 | N/A | 48 4f 77 ec b 0x8000000000500920 | |
17cbc | e8 63 00 00 ld r3,0(r3) | 3c 60 80 01 lis r3,-32767 | 3c 60 80 01 lis r3,-32767 | remove syscall 6 (peek) |
17cc0 | 60 00 00 00 nop | 60 63 00 03 ori r3,r3,3 | 60 63 00 03 ori r3,r3,3 | remove syscall 6 (peek) |
17cc8 | f8 83 00 00 std r4,0(r3) | 3c 60 80 01 lis r3,-32767 | 3c 60 80 01 lis r3,-32767 | remove syscall 7 (poke) |
17ccc | 60 00 00 00 nop | 60 63 00 03 ori r3,r3,3 | 60 63 00 03 ori r3,r3,3 | remove syscall 8 (poke) |
490e0 | 2f 83 00 00 cmpwi cr7,r3,0 | e8 82 0f 08 ld r4,3848(r2) | e8 82 0f 08 ld r4,3848(r2) | |
490e4 | 7c 64 1b 78 mr r4,r3 | e8 7c 00 20 ld r3,32(r28) | e8 7c 00 20 ld r3,32(r28) | |
490e8 | 40 de 00 20 bne- cr7,0x8000000000049108 | f8 64 00 00 std r3,0(r4) | f8 64 00 00 std r3,0(r4) | |
4ed18 | 38 84 ff fa addi r4,r4,-6 | 38 80 00 00 li r4,0 | 38 80 00 00 li r4,0 | |
4ed1c | 7c 08 02 a6 mflr r0 | 90 83 00 00 stw r4,0(r3) | 90 83 00 00 stw r4,0(r3) | |
4ed20 | f8 21 ff 91 stdu r1,-112(r1) | 4e 80 00 20 blr | 4e 80 00 20 blr | |
4f0a8 | bl sub_50B44 | 48 4b 11 a9 bl 0x8000000000500250 | 48 4b 11 a9 bl 0x8000000000500250 | |
4fc2c | beq cr7, loc_4FC4C | 60 00 00 00 nop | 60 00 00 00 nop | |
505D0 | li %r3, 1 | b sub_5008E0 | 48 4b 04 28 b 0x80000000005009f8 | |
50B48 | patched | unpatched ? | ||
572B8 | extsw %r3, %r31 | li %r3, 0 | ||
5741C | bl sub_288568 | nop | ||
1C00EC | stdu %sp, var_150(%sp) | b sub_5003A8 | ||
1C26EC | stdu %sp, var_D0(%sp) | b sub_500448 | ||
1CF8A8 | stdu %sp, var_B0(%sp) | b sub_5004C8 | ||
25EC18 | bl sub_12934 | bl sub_500960 | ||
271AF0 | stdu %sp, var_B0(%sp) | b loc_500808 | b loc_500818 | (syscall864 / sys storage manager) this is 1.2! |
273F80 | stdu %sp, var_B0(%sp) | b sub_500878 | b sub_500990 | (syscall867 / aim manager ) YOUR CRITICAL MISTAKE WAS ONLY PUT 1.2, NOW YOU FIX IT, THANKS didn't meant to be rude, sry :) |
29245C | stdu %sp, var_100(%sp) | b sub_5005A8 | ||
292598 | ld %r11, stru_3403A0 | b sub_5006D8 | ||
293A18 | ld %r9, stru_3403A0 | b sub_500540 | ||
296550 | stdu %sp, var_D0(%sp) | b sub_500640 | (syscall606 sys_storage_async_read) | |
296928 | stdu %sp, var_D0(%sp) | b sub_500770 | (syscall619 sys_storage_async_send_device_command) | |
29BD48 | b sub_11850 | b sub_500358 | ||
2AAFC8 | b sub_50B48 | b sub_5002F0 | ||
2AB3FC | unpatched | b sub_5002A0 | (PS2 EMU?) | |
3ba890 | 0x01000000 | patch table entry 1 |
offset | cobra 1.2 | cobra 2.0 | comment |
---|---|---|---|
3ba890 | 0x10000000 | 0x10000000 | patch table entry 1 |
490e0 | ld r4, stru_33F628 | patch table entry 2 | |
490e4 | ld r3, 0x20(r28) | patch table entry 3 | |
490e8 | std r3, 0(r4) | patch table entry 4 | |
4ed18 | li r4, 0 | patch table entry 5 | |
4ed1c | stw r4, 0(r3) | patch table entry 6 | |
4ed20 | blr | patch table entry 7 | |
572b8 | li r3, 0 | patch table entry 8 | |
5741c | nop | patch table entry 9 | |
4fc2c | nop | patch table entry a | |
50b3c | li r3, 1 | patch table entry b | |
50b40 | blr | patch table entry c |
Cobra 1.2[edit | edit source]
8000000000017cbc: 3c 60 80 01 lis r3,-32767 8000000000017cc0: 60 63 00 03 ori r3,r3,3
8000000000017cc8: 3c 60 80 01 lis r3,-32767 8000000000017ccc: 60 63 00 03 ori r3,r3,3
80000000000490e0: e8 82 0f 08 ld r4,3848(r2) 80000000000490e4: e8 7c 00 20 ld r3,32(r28) 80000000000490e8: f8 64 00 00 std r3,0(r4)
800000000004ed18: 38 80 00 00 li r4,0 800000000004ed1c: 90 83 00 00 stw r4,0(r3) 800000000004ed20: 4e 80 00 20 blr
800000000004f0a8: 48 4b 11 a9 bl 0x8000000000500250 800000000004fc2c: 60 00 00 00 nop
80000000000505d0: 48 4b 03 10 b 0x80000000005008e0 8000000000050b3c: 38 60 00 01 li r3,1 8000000000050b40: 4e 80 00 20 blr
80000000000572b8: 38 60 00 00 li r3,0
800000000005741c: 60 00 00 00 nop
80000000001c00ec: 48 34 02 bc b 0x80000000005003a8 80000000001c26ec: 48 33 dd 5c b 0x8000000000500448 80000000001cf8a8: 48 33 0c 20 b 0x80000000005004c8 800000000025ec18: 48 2a 1d 49 bl 0x8000000000500960 8000000000271af0: 48 28 ed 18 b 0x8000000000500808 8000000000273f80: 48 28 c8 f8 b 0x8000000000500878 800000000029245c: 48 26 e1 4c b 0x80000000005005a8 8000000000292598: 48 26 e1 40 b 0x80000000005006d8 8000000000293a18: 48 26 cb 28 b 0x8000000000500540 8000000000296550: 48 26 a0 f0 b 0x8000000000500640 8000000000296928: 48 26 9e 48 b 0x8000000000500770 800000000029bd48: 48 26 46 10 b 0x8000000000500358 80000000002aafc8: 48 25 53 28 b 0x80000000005002f0
Cobra 2.0[edit | edit source]
8000000000009134: 48 4f 77 ec b 0x8000000000500920
8000000000017cbc: 3c 60 80 01 lis r3,-32767 8000000000017cc0: 60 63 00 03 ori r3,r3,3
8000000000017cc8: 3c 60 80 01 lis r3,-32767 8000000000017ccc: 60 63 00 03 ori r3,r3,3
80000000000490e0: e8 82 0f 08 ld r4,3848(r2) 80000000000490e4: e8 7c 00 20 ld r3,32(r28) 80000000000490e8: f8 64 00 00 std r3,0(r4)
800000000004ed18: 38 80 00 00 li r4,0 800000000004ed1c: 90 83 00 00 stw r4,0(r3) 800000000004ed20: 4e 80 00 20 blr
800000000004f0a8: 48 4b 11 a9 bl 0x8000000000500250
800000000004fc2c: 60 00 00 00 nop
80000000000505d0: 48 4b 04 28 b 0x80000000005009f8
8000000000050b3c: 38 60 00 01 li r3,1
8000000000050b40: 4e 80 00 20 blr
80000000000572b8: 38 60 00 00 li r3,0
800000000005741c: 60 00 00 00 nop
80000000001c00ec: 48 34 02 cc b 0x80000000005003b8 80000000001c26ec: 48 33 dd 6c b 0x8000000000500458 80000000001cf8a8: 48 33 0c 30 b 0x80000000005004d8 800000000025ec18: 48 2a 1e 61 bl 0x8000000000500a78 8000000000271af0: 48 28 ed 28 b 0x8000000000500818 8000000000273f80: 48 28 ca 10 b 0x8000000000500990 800000000029245c: 48 26 e1 5c b 0x80000000005005b8 8000000000292598: 48 26 e1 50 b 0x80000000005006e8 8000000000293a18: 48 26 cb 38 b 0x8000000000500550 8000000000296550: 48 26 a1 00 b 0x8000000000500650 8000000000296928: 48 26 9e 58 b 0x8000000000500780 800000000029bd48: 48 26 46 20 b 0x8000000000500368 80000000002aafc8: 48 25 53 38 b 0x8000000000500300
lv1 hvcalls[edit | edit source]
- lv1_get_repository_node_value
- lv1_allocate_device_dma_region
- lv1_free_device_dma_region
- lv1_map_device_dma_region
- lv1_unmap_device_dma_region
- lv1_storage_read
- lv1_storage_check_async_status
Preliminary Examination of Cobra USB Manager v1.0[edit | edit source]
The following was acquired from a Debug/DEX unit on 3.55forDEX using the *Check debug option:
System Version : 03.0000 --- Log --- [Info] Checking HDD Game.(HG,"/dev_hdd0/game/CBUM01234") [Debug] Checking System File /dev_hdd0/game/CBUM01234/PARAM.SFO. [Info] TITLE_ID = CBUM01234. [Info] PARENTAL_LEVEL = 0/--/--/--/--/--/--. [Info] ATTRIBUTE = 0x0. [Info] RESOLUTION = 0x3F, 1080/720/576/576(16:9)/480/480(16:9). [Info] SOUND_FORMAT = 0x117, 7.1LPCM/5.1LPCM/2LPCM/5.1Dolby. [Info] VERSION = 01.00. [Info] PS3_SYSTEM_VER = 03.0000. [Info] APP_VER = 01.00. [Debug] TITLE_ID = CBUM01234. [Warn] PARAM.SFO: Param PARENTAL_LEVEL: Currently being rated. [Debug] PARENTAL_LEVEL = 0/--/--/--/--/--/--. [Debug] ATTRIBUTE = 0x0. [Error] PARAM.SFO: Param LICENSE: Unexpected val_size. [Error] PARAM.SFO: Param LICENSE: Unexpected value. [Debug] RESOLUTION = 0x3F, 1080/720/576/576(16:9)/480/480(16:9). [Debug] SOUND_FORMAT = 0x117, 7.1LPCM/5.1LPCM/2LPCM/5.1Dolby. [Debug] VERSION = 01.00. [Debug] PS3_SYSTEM_VER = 03.0000. [Debug] APP_VER = 01.00. [Debug] PS3LOGO.DAT: Logo. [Debug] ICON0.PNG: 320x176/24bit. [Info] EBOOT.BIN: PPU SELF file, SDK version = 03.0000. [Debug] EBOOT.BIN: 300.001 (PPU) : crt0 [Debug] EBOOT.BIN: 300.001 (PPU) : crt1 [Debug] EBOOT.BIN: 192.001 (PPU) : libftp [Error] EBOOT.BIN: Debug library linked (libftp). [Error] EBOOT.BIN: Version conflict error (libftp, 192.001). [Debug] EBOOT.BIN: 300.001 (PPU) : libnet_stub [Debug] EBOOT.BIN: 300.001 (PPU) : libnetctl_stub [Debug] EBOOT.BIN: 300.001 (PPU) : libpngdec_stub [Debug] EBOOT.BIN: 300.001 (PPU) : libdbgfont_gcm [Error] EBOOT.BIN: Debug library linked (libdbgfont_gcm). [Debug] EBOOT.BIN: 300.001 (PPU) : libgcm_cmd [Debug] EBOOT.BIN: 300.001 (PPU) : libgcm_sys_stub [Debug] EBOOT.BIN: 300.001 (PPU) : libio_stub [Debug] EBOOT.BIN: 300.001 (PPU) : libsysmodule_stub [Debug] EBOOT.BIN: 300.001 (PPU) : libsysutil_stub [Debug] EBOOT.BIN: 300.001 (PPU) : libfs_stub [Debug] EBOOT.BIN: 300.001 (PPU) : libl10n_stub [Debug] EBOOT.BIN: 300.001 (PPU) : libfontGcm [Debug] EBOOT.BIN: 300.001 (PPU) : libfontFT_stub [Debug] EBOOT.BIN: 300.001 (PPU) : libfont_stub [Debug] EBOOT.BIN: 300.001 (PPU) : libstdc++ [Debug] EBOOT.BIN: 300.001 (PPU) : libc [Debug] EBOOT.BIN: 300.001 (PPU) : liblv2_stub
Mountpoints[edit | edit source]
Intern (PS3):
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Extern (PS3):
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Intern (PS2):
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Extern (PS2):
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Intern (PS1):
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Extern (PS1):
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Intern (PSP):
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Extern (PSP):
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Intern (BluRay):
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Extern (BluRay):
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Intern (DVD):
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Extern (DVD):
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Hardware Dongle[edit | edit source]
Dongle 1.0[edit | edit source]
Components[edit | edit source]
Actel ProASIC3 A3P060 - FPGA[edit | edit source]
U2
A3P060 = 60,000 System Gates blank = Speed Grade: Standard VQ = Package Type: Very Thin Quad Flat Pack (0.5mm pitch) G = Lead-Free Packaging: RoHS-Compliant (Green) 100 = Package Lead Count : 100 pins blank = Security Feature : no IP license blank = Temperature Range: Commercial (0°C to +70°C Ambient Temperature)
128-bit AES
1,024 bits of user flash memory
Datasheets and usermanuals: http://www.actel.com/products/pa3/docs.aspx#ds
Familyroot: http://www.actel.com/products/pa3/
Usage Guide: http://www.embedtools.com/pro_kaifa/SOPC_%20EDA/ProASIC3/PA3_E_IO_AN.pdf
Pinout A3P060 VQ100[edit | edit source]
Pin | Function | Notes |
---|---|---|
1 | GND | Ground |
2 | GAA2/IO118UDB3 | |
3 | IO118VDB3 | |
4 | GAB2/IO117UDB3 | |
5 | IO117VDB3 | |
6 | GAC2/IO116UDB3 | |
7 | IO116VDB3 | |
8 | IO112PSB3 | |
9 | GND | Ground |
10 | GFB1/IO109PDB3 | |
11 | GFB0/IO109NDB3 | |
12 | VCOMPLF | |
13 | GFA0/IO108NPB3 | |
14 | VCCPLF | |
15 | GFA1/IO108PPB3 | |
16 | GFA2/IO107PSB3 | |
17 | VCC | |
18 | VCCIB3 | |
19 | GFC2/IO105PSB3 | |
20 | GEC1/IO100PDB3 | |
21 | GEC0/IO100NDB3 | |
22 | GEA1/IO98PDB3 | |
23 | GEA0/IO98NDB3 | |
24 | VMV3 | |
25 | GNDQ | Ground |
26 | GEA2/IO97RSB2 | |
27 | GEB2/IO96RSB2 | |
28 | GEC2/IO95RSB2 | |
29 | IO93RSB2 | |
30 | IO92RSB2 | |
31 | IO91RSB2 | |
32 | IO90RSB2 | |
33 | IO88RSB2 | |
34 | IO86RSB2 | |
35 | IO85RSB2 | |
36 | IO84RSB2 | |
37 | VCC | |
38 | GND | Ground |
39 | VCCIB2 | |
40 | IO77RSB2 | |
41 | IO74RSB2 | |
42 | IO71RSB2 | |
43 | GDC2/IO63RSB2 | |
44 | GDB2/IO62RSB2 | |
45 | GDA2/IO61RSB2 | |
46 | GNDQ | Ground |
47 | TCK | |
48 | TDI | |
49 | TMS | |
50 | VMV2 | |
51 | GND | Ground |
52 | VPUMP | |
53 | NC | |
54 | TDO | |
55 | TRST | |
56 | VJTAG | |
57 | GDA1/IO60USB1 | |
58 | GDC0/IO58VDB1 | |
59 | GDC1/IO58UDB1 | |
60 | IO52NDB1 | |
61 | GCB2/IO52PDB1 | |
62 | GCA1/IO50PDB1 | |
63 | GCA0/IO50NDB1 | |
64 | GCC0/IO48NDB1 | |
65 | GCC1/IO48PDB1 | |
66 | VCCIB1 | |
67 | GND | Ground |
68 | VCC | |
69 | IO43NDB1 | |
70 | GBC2/IO43PDB1 | |
71 | GBB2/IO42PSB1 | |
72 | IO41NDB1 | |
73 | GBA2/IO41PDB1 | |
74 | VMV1 | |
75 | GNDQ | Ground |
76 | GBA1/IO40RSB0 | |
77 | GBA0/IO39RSB0 | |
78 | GBB1/IO38RSB0 | |
79 | GBB0/IO37RSB0 | |
80 | GBC1/IO36RSB0 | |
81 | GBC0/IO35RSB0 | |
82 | IO29RSB0 | |
83 | IO27RSB0 | |
84 | IO25RSB0 | |
85 | IO23RSB0 | |
86 | IO21RSB0 | |
87 | VCCIB0 | |
88 | GND | Ground |
89 | VCC | |
90 | IO15RSB0 | |
91 | IO13RSB0 | |
92 | IO11RSB0 | |
93 | GAC1/IO05RSB0 | |
94 | GAC0/IO04RSB0 | |
95 | GAB1/IO03RSB0 | |
96 | GAB0/IO02RSB0 | |
97 | GAA1/IO01RSB0 | |
98 | GAA0/IO00RSB0 | |
99 | GNDQ | Ground |
100 | VMV0 |
24.000 MHz Crystal[edit | edit source]
Y1
CLK for Actel
12.000 MHz Crystal[edit | edit source]
Y2
SCK/CLK for Atmel/Winbond
AMS1117 3.3 1032 - Low Dropout Linear Regulator[edit | edit source]
U3
Datasheet:
- https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://ps3devwiki.com/files/reDRM/TrueBlue/Datasheets/AMS1117-.pdf
- https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://ps3devwiki.com/files/reDRM/TrueBlue/Datasheets/AMS1117.pdf
A 47 (F51C 5pin Multilayer Ceramic Capacitor : U4)[edit | edit source]
Capacitance value untested, likely one of these (from Mouser)
Atmel ATmega 16A (16MHz AVR - 16KB flash - USB stack + DFU)[edit | edit source]
U5
ISP via pin 1 (MOSI), 2 (MISO), 3 (SCK), 4 (Reset)
datasheet: Atmel-ATMega16A.pdf (6.93 MB)
Pin | Function | Notes |
---|---|---|
1 | (MOSI) PB5 | Tied to DI (Pin 5) on the Winbond Flash |
2 | (MISO) PB6 | Tied to DO (Pin 2) on the Winbond Flash |
3 | (SCK) PB7 | Provides CLK to The Winbond Flash |
4 | RESET | |
5 | VCC | |
6 | GND | |
7 | XTAL2 | Y2 |
8 | XTAL1 | Y2 |
9 | (RXD) PD0 | Actel IO92RSB2 (pin 30) |
10 | (TXD) PD1 | Actel IO92RSB2 (pin 29) |
11 | (INT0) PD2 | |
12 | (INT1) PD3 | |
13 | (OC1B) PD4 | |
14 | (OC1A) PD5 | |
15 | (ICP1) PD6 | |
16 | (OC2) PD7 | |
17 | VCC | |
18 | GND | |
19 | (SCL) PC0 | |
20 | (SDA) PC1 | |
21 | (TCK) PC2 | |
22 | (TMS) PC3 | |
23 | (TDO) PC4 | |
24 | (TDI) PC5 | Tied to 3v3 Voltage regulator VCC |
25 | (TOSC1) PC6 | |
26 | (TOSC2) PC7 | |
27 | AVCC | Tied to 3v3 Voltage regulator VCC |
28 | GND | |
29 | AREF | |
30 | (ADC7) PA7 | |
31 | (ADC6) PA6 | |
32 | (ADC5) PA5 | |
33 | (ADC4) PA4 | |
34 | (ADC3) PA3 | |
35 | (ADC2) PA2 | |
36 | (ADC1) PA1 | |
37 | (ADC0) PA0 | |
38 | VCC | Tied to 3v3 Voltage regulator VCC |
39 | GND | |
40 | (XCK/T0) PB0 | |
41 | (T1) PB1 | |
42 | (AIN0/INT2) PB2 | |
43 | (AIN1/OC0) PB3 | |
44 | (SS) PB4 |
Winbond 25X16AVSIG (SPI Flash 16Mbit)[edit | edit source]
The IC designation on the board of the cobra dongle is U1.
W - Winbond 25X - SPI Flash with 4KB sectors/64Kbyte blocks, dual output 16A - 16Mbit / 2M-byte V - Supply Voltage 2.7 to 3.6V S - Package Type : 8pin SOIC 150-mil I - Temperature Range: Industrial (-40'C ~ 85'C) G - Environment: Green Package (Lead-free, RoHS Compliant, Halogen-free (TBBA), Antimony-Oxie-free)
datasheet: W25X16A.pdf (1.3 MB) / https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://ps3devwiki.com/files/reDRM/TrueBlue/Datasheets/W25X16A.pdf
Note: can use Bus Ninja or Bus Pirate and FlashROM - ISP is possible, so long as no other devices on the SPI bus are trying to access the device (in that case, you might want to cut Vcc to the FPGA or the regulator for it).
Pin | Usage | I/O | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|
1 | /CS | I | Chip Select (high=deselect, low=select) |
2 | DO | O | Data output |
3 | /WP | I | Write Protect (active low) |
4 | GND | Ground | |
5 | DIO | I/O | Serial data input/output |
6 | CLK | I | Serial Clock |
7 | /HOLD | I | Hold (high=normal/resume, low=hold/pause) |
8 | VCC | Vcc (min 2.7-max 3.6V @ Fr0 75MHz / min 3.0-max 3.6V @ Fastread Fr1 100MHz) |
On the Cobra Dongle, pin 3 of the EEPROM is tied to VCC. Lifting this Pin from the board and tieing it to ground should prevent the flash from being erased.
Roles[edit | edit source]
Drives data to and from the Winbond flash chip.
Cobra Test Points[edit | edit source]
There are test points that map out the Winbond flash shown in the diagram to the right.
DG/PS3/PC Selection switch[edit | edit source]
There is a switch that switched between Downgrade, PC and PS3 modes of the dongle.
When facing the switch, with the USB Plug to the left the pins are labeled 1 to 4 in the table below:
When in PC Mode, Pins 1 and 2 are shorted. When in PS3 Mode, Pins 2 and 3 are shorted. When in DG Mode 3 and 4 are shorted.Pin | Usage | Connects to | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|
1 | PC Position | GND | A resistor is placed, by hand, between this pin and GND after the board is manufactured. |
2 | PC/PS3 Position | AVCC (atmega 27) + Winbond /WP (PIN 3) | Ties to Pin 27 of atmega16 (AVCC) and /WP of Winbond Flash |
3 | PS3/DG Position | TOSC2 of the Atmega (Pin 26) | ??? |
4 | DG Position | GND | A resistor is placed, by hand, between this pin and GND after the board is manufactured. |