Editing Vulnerabilities

== Hardware Exploits ==

=== PCIe man-in-the-middle attack ===

* First done on 1.01 by failoverflow on PS4 launch !
* Detailed at 33c3: [https://fail0verflow.com/media/33c3-slides/#/5 33c3 slides by Marcan]
* Permits kernel and userland dumping

=== Syscon glitching ===

It is possible to glitch the [[Syscon]] debug interface to allow access and dump keys. It was originally done by an anonymous member of fail0verflow.

=== Aeolia and Belize (Southbridge) SCA/DPA ===

Side Channel Analysis (SCA) with Differential Power Analysis (DPA) on Aeolia and Belize (PS4 Southbridge revisions) has been shown to be able to recover key material. Since Sony never used private/public key pairs, it is possible to exploit this and gain complete control over the [[Southbridge]]. You can attack the main FreeBSD kernel from here.

Nearly same methods are working on recent PS4 Pro motherboard NVB-003 that has Belize [[Southbridge]] ([[CXD90046GG]]).

Contrarly to Aeolia, Belize has ROM readout protection and clears stack which makes it more secure.

Old notes:

This is a hack to gain unsigned code execution on the [[Southbridge]] for all motherboard/console revisions. You might be able to glitch the EMC bootrom in order to bypass further signature checks and break the chain of trust. This hack might involve slowing down the [[Syscon]] clock. Timing the glitch based on SPI read accesses then either doing a power glitch or clock glitch to skip signature check. If the glitch fails, then we simply reset. This can be done with a very cheap CPLD/FPGA. Most Xbox 360 glitching modchips used a Xilinx Coolrunner because it is cheap and easy to use (board can cost as low as $5).

Related:
* [https://fail0verflow.com/blog/2018/ps4-aeolia/ fail0verflow's writeup]
* [https://twitter.com/fail0verflow/status/1047690778527653889 fail0verflow's tweet]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sMroXa-zYxk Playstation 4 Rest Mode DEMO REcon Brussels 2018 by Volodymyr Pikhur]
* [https://recon.cx/2018/brussels/resources/slides/RECON-BRX-2018-Mess-with-the-best-die-like-the-rest_(mode).pdf Slides of REcon Brussels 2018 by Volodymyr Pikhur]
* [https://www.psxhax.com/threads/ps4-southbridge-reverse-engineered-code-examination-by-jogolden.6736/ jogolden's writeup]

== WebKit/Userland Exploits ==

=== FW 9.00-9.03 - WebCore::CSSFontFaceSet vulnerabilities leading to arbitrary RW ===

There are many FontFaceSet vulnerabilities. Explore [https://trac.webkit.org/search?q=mmaxfield%40apple.com+FontFaceSet&noquickjump=1&changeset=on].

==== Credits ====
* Myles C. Maxfield (litherum), Apple, for adding the vulnerability in WebKit (2016-02-22) then fixing and so disclosing the vulnerability (2021-08-26)
* Maddie Stone, Google Project Zero, for sharing a write-up describing this vulnerability (2021-10-13)
* PS Test discord server community for testing PoCs of many WebKit vulnerabilities on their PS4s (2021-10-13)
* sleirsgoevy for making the first exploit PoC for Safari (2021-10-24) and the first exploit PoC for PS4 FW 9.00 and PS5 FW 3.00-4.03 (2021-10-27)

==== Analysis ====
* [https://github.com/WebKit/WebKit/commit/d5dbfd02054e9f904b27224a598ca1bb8ded5f87 WebKit bug-introducing commit by Myles C. Maxfield - r256659 (2016-02-22)]
* [https://trac.webkit.org/changeset/281648/webkit WebKit fix commit by Myles C. Maxfield - r281648 (2021-08-26)]
* [https://github.com/WebKit/WebKit/commit/b22be72a013442ca9d1ff4bf3aa8aa436f78f142 WebKit commit adding FontFace tests (2021-09-01)]
* [https://bugs.webkit.org/show_bug.cgi?id=229848 WebKit Bugzilla - Bug 229848 - FontFaceSet.has() needs to react to style changes by Myles C. Maxfield (2021-09-02)]
* [https://github.com/web-platform-tests/wpt/pull/30322#issue-726455679 web-platform-tests - Add a test for FontFaceSet.has() #30322 (2021-09-03)]
* [https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1729089#c4 Mozilla Bugzilla - New wpt failures in /css/css-font-loading/fontfaceset-has.html (with TypeError `fonts.keys() is not iterable`, due to FontFaceSetIterator not behaving like an Iterable) (2021-09-03)]
* [https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1729997 Mozilla Bugzilla - FontFaceSet's iterators skip items when previous items are removed by Myles C. Maxfield (2021-09-09)]
* [https://bugs.webkit.org/show_bug.cgi?id=230119 WebKit Bugzilla - Bug 230119 - FontFaceSet's iterators skip items when previous items are removed by Myles C. Maxfield (2021-09-09)]
* [https://github.com/WebKit/WebKit/commit/fbf37d27e313d8d0a150a74cc8fab956eb7f3c59 WebKit fix commit by Myles C. Maxfield merged by Russell Epstein (2021-09-09)]
* [https://github.com/WebKit/WebKit/blob/74bd0da94fa1d31a115bc4ee0e3927d8b2ea571e/Source/WebCore/css/CSSFontFaceSet.cpp#L223 Part of vulnerable code]
* [https://googleprojectzero.github.io/0days-in-the-wild/0day-RCAs/2021/CVE-2021-30858.html Write-up and PoC by Maddie Stone (2021-10-13)]
* [https://wololo.net/2021/10/14/use-after-free-webkit-vulnerability-impacts-ps4-possibly-up-to-firmware-9-00-included/ Vulnerability description by Wololo (2021-10-14)]
* Warning: Maddie Stone's vulnerability is not CVE-2021-30858 but was guessed to be by Maddie Stone. See [https://github.com/googleprojectzero/0days-in-the-wild/commit/65fcdf0473ada4e80dc967662ea8f3f3ce4ea81e#diff-1a428c43cedcf140e5bd6f92e4527f169c3c717780e1586f2fab589e4f467b52 write-up edit commit].
* Warning: Maddie Stone's vulnerability was wrongly classified as a use-after-free by Maddie Stone according to sleirsgoevy.

==== Bug description ====

Description in WebKit fix commit by Myles C. Maxfield:

After r256659, asking for a failed CSSFontFace's families() returns nullopt. It's possible to add a failed font to a CSSFontFaceSet (of course). When we do that, we recognize the font is failed and don't update our internal data structures, because there's no need to - we can't do anything useful with a failed font. If you _then_ try to remove the font from the CSSFontFace, we don't call families(), but instead just pull out the raw m_families member, and look in our internal data structures for it, but we don't find it, because it was never added.

Description in Maddie Stone's write-up:

The vulnerability is a use-after-free due to an unchecked end() iterator. There was an assert statement: ASSERT(iterator != m_facesLookupTable.end());, but ASSERTs don't do anything in release builds. Therefore, even if iterator == m_facesLookupTable.end() in the release build, nothing would happen and iterator would still be used. In FontFaceSet a FontFace is not added to the faces lookup table in addToFacesLookupTable if the font has already been deemed to be invalid. However, removeFromFacesLookupTable would still attempt to remove the font, leading to the use-after-free. The patch changes the ASSERT to an if clause. The function will return if iterator == m_facesLookupTable.end(), since the item it wishes to remove is not found in the table.

Description by sleirsgoevy:

On PS4 FWs 9.00-9.03 the constructor returns with an exception, but to C++ code that ignores it. That is how an invalid font is created in the first place. On earlier PS4 FWs the exception is propagated to JavaScript.

==== Exploit Implementation ====
* [http://vdsina.sleirsgoevy.dynv6.net:8081/ First exploit PoC for Safari by sleirsgoevy (2021-10-24)]
* [https://gist.github.com/sleirsgoevy/6beca32893909095f4bba1ce29167992 First exploit PoC for PS4 FW 9.00 and PS5 FW 3.00-4.03 by sleirsgoevy (2021-10-27)]

==== Patched ====
'''Not yet''' as of PS4 FW 9.03 and PS5 FW 4.50.

Might have been introduced in PS4 FW 3.50 and before PS5 FW 1.00 according to dates (need to check). However the vulnerability cannot be exploited in some conditions depending on how WebKit was compiled. For example, on PS4 FWs 7.55-8.53 and PS5 FWs <= 2.00, the FontFaceSet constructor returns with an exception that is propagated to JavaScript, preventing exploitation this way.

Tested working on PS4 FWs 9.00-9.03 and PS5 FWs 3.00-4.50. Untested: PS5 FWs 2.10-2.50.

=== FW ?.??-7.55 - WebCore::ValidationMessage::buildBubbleTree() UaF leading to arbitrary RW ===

==== Credits ====
* Quentin Meffre (@0xdagger) and Mehdi Talbi (@abu_y0ussef) who are Security Researcher at Synacktiv for fuzzing WebKit, finding a way to exploit the vulnerability on PS4, presenting it on Black Hat Europe 2020 ([https://www.blackhat.com/eu-20/briefings/schedule/index.html#this-is-for-the-pwners--exploiting-a-webkit--day-in-playstation--21212]) and sharing the code (2020-12-10)
* sleirsgoevy for porting (although with low success rate) to 7.00-7.02

==== Analysis ====
* [https://github.com/WebKit/WebKit/commit/b99f0737d0bbcbc52c4b6e6edadcf4990173191f WebKit bad fix commit (2019-05-28)]
* [https://github.com/WebKit/WebKit/commit/b5d5412d9f517e25304aadb1b20dd5118a2c387d WebKit good fix commit (2020-09-11)]
* [https://www.synacktiv.com/publications/this-is-for-the-pwners-exploiting-a-webkit-0-day-in-playstation-4.html Write-up by Quentin Meffre (@0xdagger) and Mehdi Talbi (@abu_y0ussef) (2020-12-10)]
* [http://i.blackhat.com/eu-20/Thursday/eu-20-Meffre-This-Is-For-The-Pwners-Exploiting-A-Webkit-0day-In-Playstation4.pdf Presentation slides by by Quentin Meffre (@0xdagger) and Mehdi Talbi (@abu_y0ussef) (2020-12-10)]

==== Bug description ====

* The method buildBubbleTree makes a call to update the layout during which all user registered JS handlers are executed. If the ValidationMessage is destroyed in a JS callback, this could lead to a Use-After-Free situation when we get back to buildBubbleTree code.

* ValidationMessage::buildBubbleTree is doing layout which can run a script detaching the owner form element, and this ValidationMessage object can be destroyed.

After private disclose by Synacktiv ethical hackers, the vulnerability was fixed in WebKit on September 11st 2020. SIE updated to the patched WebKit with firmware 8.00 released on October 14st 2020.

==== Exploit Implementation ====
* [https://github.com/synacktiv/PS4-webkit-exploit-6.XX Initial 6.xx implementation by Quentin Meffre (@0xdagger) and Mehdi Talbi (@abu_y0ussef) (2020-11-12]
* [https://github.com/sleirsgoevy/PS4-webkit-exploit-7.02 7.02 implementation with code execution by sleirsgoevy (2020-12-15)]
* [https://github.com/sleirsgoevy/ps4jb 6.72-7.02 Kernel exploit using this WebKit exploit by sleirsgoevy (2020-12-16)]
* [https://github.com/ChendoChap/ps4-ipv6-uaf/tree/7.00-7.02 7.00-7.02 Kernel exploit using this WebKit exploit by ChendoChap (2020-12-16)]

==== Patched ====
'''Yes''' in 8.00 FW. Tested working on FWs 6.72-7.55.

=== FW 6.00-6.72 - bad_hoist Type Confusion exploit (CVE-2018-4386) leading to arbirary RW ===

==== Credits ====
* Lokihardt (from Google Project Zer0) for the exploit PoC (Sep 13, 2018)
* Fire30 for turning the vulnerability into exploit for PS4 (Dec 30, 2019)
* sleirsgoevy for attempting to stabilize the PS4 exploit with a new implementation (Feb 23, 2020)

==== Analysis ====
* https://bugs.chromium.org/p/project-zero/issues/detail?id=1665
* https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2018-4386
* https://packetstormsecurity.com/files/155871/Sony-Playstation-4-Webkit-Code-Execution.html
* https://twitter.com/Fire30_/status/1211775229116211200

==== Bug Description ====
WebKit: JSC: BytecodeGenerator::hoistSloppyModeFunctionIfNecessary doesn't invalidate the ForInContext object.

It is possible to craft Javascript in such a way that allows for an object to be passed as the property variable directly as a string to the op_get_direct_pname handler without being properly validated.

This is a Type Confusion exploit.

==== Exploit Implementation ====
* [https://github.com/Fire30/bad_hoist Initial implementation by Fire30]
* [https://github.com/sleirsgoevy/bad_hoist Implementation with code execution by sleirsgoevy]

==== Patched ====
'''Yes''' in 7.00 FW
----

=== FW 6.00-6.20 - JSArray::shiftCountWithArrayStorage() OOB RW (CVE-2018-4441) leading to arbitrary RW ===

==== Credits ====
* Lokihardt (from Google Project Zer0) for the exploit PoC (Oct 3, 2018)
* Specter for the rewriting for PS4 (Mar 8, 2019)
* St4rk for helping Specter

==== Analysis ====
* [https://bugs.chromium.org/p/project-zero/issues/detail?id=1685 Bug report by Lokihardt (Oct 3, 2018)]
* [https://github.com/WebKit/webkit/commit/51a62eb53815863a1bd2dd946d12f383e8695db0 WebKit fix commit (Oct 15, 2018)]
* [https://mastodon.social/@buherator/101654714198519755 Announce of incoming write-up by rkmylo and buherator/stratan/@5tratan, Meligra Team (Feb 25, 2019)]
* [https://rstforums.com/forum/topic/110439-cve-2018-4441-oob-rw-via-jsarrayunshiftcountwitharraystorage-webkit/ Write-up by Nytro, Meligra Team (Feb 27, 2019)]

==== Bug Description ====
We would take the fast path for JSArray::shiftCountWithArrayStorage when the array hasHoles(). However, the code for this was wrong. It would incorrectly update ArrayStorage::m_numValuesInVector.

==== Exploit Implementation ====
* [https://github.com/Cryptogenic/PS4-6.20-WebKit-Code-Execution-Exploit PS4 6.20 WebKit exploit by Specter]

==== Patched ====
'''Yes''' in 6.50 FW
----

=== FW 6.00-?6.20? - JSC::arrayProtoPrivateFuncConcatMemcpy() Information Leak (CVE-2018-4358) ?leading to ASLR defeat? ===

==== Credits ====
* bkth, niklasb and saelo (from phoenhex Team) for the exploit PoC in Safari (Sep 26, 2018)
* Vultra for discovering that the exploit worked since FW 6.00 (Dec 10, 2018)

==== Analysis ====
* Related: https://bugs.chromium.org/p/project-zero/issues/detail?id=1032
* Related: https://doar-e.github.io/blog/2018/07/14/cve-2017-2446-or-jscjsglobalobjectishavingabadtime/
* https://github.com/WebKit/webkit/commit/b68b373dcbfbc68682ceeca8292c5c0051472071
* https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2018-4358
* https://phoenhex.re/2018-09-26/safari-array-concat

==== Bug Description ====

==== Exploit Implementation ====
* [https://github.com/externalist/exploit_playground/blob/master/jsc_ConcatMemcpy_infoleak/ileak.html PoC for iOS]
* [https://github.com/Josephmh97/PS4_jsc_ConcatMemcpy_POC PoC for PS4]

==== Patched ====
'''Yes''' in 6.50/1 FW

==== Tested ====
Works on 6.00-6.20. Not working on PS4 FWs <= 5.56 because JSC (JavaScriptCore) was too old.
----

=== FW 4.50-5.56 - JSGlobalObject::haveABadTime() Type Confusion (CVE-2017-7005) leading to arbitrary RW ===

==== Credits ====
* Lokihardt (from Google Project Zer0) for the exploit PoC (Mar 20, 2017)
* ALEXZZZ9 for the first PS4 implementation (on 5.01), and at same time for burning the exploit (Feb 20, 2018)
* qwertyoruiop for rewriting and porting to 5.05 and 5.50

==== Analysis ====
[https://bugs.chromium.org/p/project-zero/issues/detail?id=1208 Project Zer0 Bug Description]

==== Bug Description ====
When JSGlobalObject::haveABadTime() is called with arrays of a different JSGlobalObject type, type confusion can occur, leading to memory corruption.

==== Exploit Implementation ====
* [https://github.com/ALEXZZZ9/PS4-5.01-WebKit-Exploit-PoC]
* [http://crack.bargains/550/ PS4 5.50 (WebKit Only)]
* [https://github.com/Cryptogenic/PS4-5.05-Kernel-Exploit/blob/master/expl.js]

==== Patched ====
'''Yes''' in 6.00 FW
----

=== FW 5.05 - Document::adoptNode() UaF leading to crash ===

==== Credits ====
* Lokihardt (from Google Project Zer0) for the exploit PoC (Jan 23, 2017)
* CelesteBlue for testing on PS4 and PSVita

==== Analysis ====
* [https://bugs.chromium.org/p/project-zero/issues/detail?id=1099 exploit report by Lokihardt (Jan 23, 2017)]
* [https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2017-2468 mitre report]
* [https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/41868 exploitDB report]
* [https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=541206 related bug (Oct 8, 2015)]
* Test on PSVita FW 3.60 by CelesteBlue (May 9, 2020)
* Test on PS4 FW 5.05 by CelesteBlue (Aug 20, 2020)

==== Bug Description ====

==== Exploit Implementation ====
* [https://github.com/Metnew/uxss-db/tree/master/webkit/CVE-2017-2468 PoC that just crashes on PS4 FW 5.05]

==== Patched ====
'''Maybe''' in ?6.00? FW.
----

=== FW ?-5.05-? - WebCore::HTMLFrameElementBase::marginHeight() Heap UaF (CVE-2016-1859) leading to crash ===

PoC crashes the webbrowser.

* [http://arayz.github.io/933ky/A-general-attack-model-of-UAF-on-browser/ Writeup by Arayz (Wang Ao) (March 31, 2017)]

=== FW 4.50-5.01 - Element::setAttributeNodeNS() UaF leading to arbitrary RW ===

==== Credits ====
* Lokihardt (from Google Project Zer0) for the exploit PoC (Mar 15, 2017)
* qwertyoruiop for the PS4 exploit (October 2017)
* Specter for the writeup (May 27, 2018)

==== Analysis ====
* [https://bugs.chromium.org/p/project-zero/issues/detail?id=1187 exploit report by Lokihardt (Mar 15, 2017)]
* [https://twitter.com/VVildCard777/status/919843554964443137 First test on PS4 by WildCard (Oct 16, 2017)]
* [https://github.com/Cryptogenic/Exploit-Writeups/blob/master/WebKit/setAttributeNodeNS%20UAF%20Write-up.md Specter's setAttributeNodeNS Exploit Writeup]

==== Bug Description ====
By forcing setAttributeInternal() to call setAttributeNodeNS() twice, an attribute node reference will be added twice to the list. When one is free()'d, the second attribute still contains a duplicate stale reference, leading to a use-after-free (UAF) scenario. 

==== Exploit Implementation ====
[https://github.com/Cryptogenic/PS4-5.05-Kernel-Exploit PS4 5.05 WebKit + Kernel Exploit]

==== Patched ====
'''Yes''' in 5.03 FW.
----

=== FW 3.15-4.07 - Stack Uninitialized Read UaF leading to arbitrary RW ===

==== Credits ====
* qwertyoruiop for the exploit
* Specter for the writeup

==== Analysis ====
* [https://github.com/Cryptogenic/Exploit-Writeups/blob/master/PS4/4.0x%20WebKit%20Exploit%20Writeup.md Specter's 4.0x WebKit Exploit Writeup]

==== Bug Description ====
Via a specially crafted valueOf() function of an arguments.length() function, non-zero indexes of the stack-allocated array are not initialized, leading to a stack uninitialized read. This can be abused to store a reference that can later be re-obtained post-GC (garbage collection) yielding a use-after-free() (UAF) situation.

==== Exploit Implementation ====
* [https://github.com/Cryptogenic/PS4-4.0x-Code-Execution-PoC Specter's commented and usable version]
* [https://gist.github.com/X41/36acd2a6939e4cebbecba45d35bf0d75 mirrorred expl.js from qwertyoruiop]

==== Patched ====
'''Yes''' in 4.50 FW

==== Tested ====
Works on 3.15-4.07. Not working on <=3.11.
----

=== FW 3.15-3.70 - JSArray::sortCompactedVector() Heap UaF leading to arbitrary RW ===

==== Credits ====
* xyz for the original exploit on PSVita (HENkaku)
* Fire30 for porting to PS4
* Specter for improved PS4 playground

==== Analysis ====
* [https://blog.xyz.is/2016/webkit-360.html PSVita 3.60 HENKaku WebKit exploit writeup]

==== Bug Description ====
When attempting to update a vector via sortCompactedVector() - data is written based on a pointer, though the pointer isn't re-updated nor nulled. When this memory in free()'d, the reference is maintained and thus memory corruption can occur.

==== Exploit Implementation ====
* [https://github.com/henkaku/henkaku/blob/master/webkit/exploit.js PSVita 3.60 WebKit exploit by xyz]
* [https://github.com/Fire30/PS4-3.55-Code-Execution-PoC PS4 playground 3.15-3.70 by Fire30]
* [https://github.com/Cryptogenic/PS4-Playground-3.55 Improved PS4 playground 3.15-3.70 by Specter]

==== Patched ====
'''Yes''' in 4.0?0? FW

==== Tested ====
Works on 3.15-3.70. Not working on <= 3.11. Maybe working on 4.00.
----

=== FW <= 3.50 - WebCore::TimerBase::heapPopMin() Heap UaF leading to crash ===

==== Analysis ====
* [https://github.com/WebKit/WebKit-http/commit/98845d940e30529098eea7e496af02e14301c704 WebKit fix commit]
* [https://xz.aliyun.com/t/292 Summary of Critical and Exploitable iOS Vulnerabilities in 2016 by Min (Spark) Zheng, Cererdlong, Eakerqiu @ Team OverSky]

==== Bug Description ====
"As of firmware version 3.55 a patch has been included to prevent a use-after-free segmentation fault from being exploited. This could have led to a ROP chain and code execution. It would have been cool if someone would have done some real research on it..." qwertyoruiop

==== Exploit Implementation ====
* [http://psxhax.com/threads/ps4-3-50-webkit-exploit-from-playstation-4-dev-qwertyoruiop.450/ Article about qwertyoruiop's tests (20-05-2016)]
* [http://psxhax.com/threads/ps4-heap-use-after-free-at-webcore-3-50-poc-by-hunter128.452/ Article about initial PoC for PS4 (21-05-2016)]
* [http://wololo.net/talk/viewtopic.php?t=45888 Initial PoC for PS4 (21-05-2016)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161030085033/http://cryptoanarchic.me/wat.txt iOS 9.3.2 WebKit RCE via heapPopMin (07-2016)]
* [https://twitter.com/qwertyoruiopz/status/756268361282125824 qwertyoruiop's tweet (22-07-2016)]
* [https://github.com/Jailbreaks/jbme/tree/master mirror of iOS 9.3.2 WebKit RCE via heapPopMin]

==== Patched ====
'''Yes''' in 3.55 FW

==== Tested ====
Works on 3.15, 3.50 FW. Maybe working on 3.51 FW.
----

=== FW <= 2.03 - WebCore::CSSSelector Heap Overflow (CVE-2014-1303) leading to arbitrary RW ===

==== Credits ====
* KeenTeam for finding and documenting the bug
* Liang Chen from KeenTeam for the writeups
* xyz for porting to PSVita FWs 3.30-3.36
* Fire30 for porting to PS4
* dreadlyei (unknown person, credited by Fire30)

==== Analysis ====
* [https://www.blackhat.com/docs/eu-14/materials/eu-14-Chen-WebKit-Everywhere-Secure-Or-Not.PDF BlackHat EU 2014 'WebKit Everywhere - Secure Or Not?' slides]
* [https://www.blackhat.com/docs/eu-14/materials/eu-14-Chen-WebKit-Everywhere-Secure-Or-Not-WP.pdf BlackHat EU 2014 'WebKit Everywhere - Secure Or Not?' PDF]
* [https://cansecwest.com/slides/2015/Liang_CanSecWest2015.pdf Attacking WebKit Applications by exploiting memory corruption bugs by Liang Chen]

==== Bug Description ====
By forcing addRule() to be called on a CSS Selector via window.getMatchedCSSRules(), a 1-bit OOB write can be achieved and leveraged to corrupt heap memory.

==== Exploit Implementation ====
* [https://github.com/Fire30/PS4-2014-1303-POC ROP PoC for PS4 FW 2.03 by Fire30]
* [http://wololo.net/2016/04/21/proof-of-concept-webkit-exploit-running-on-ps4-firmwares-up wololo article]
* WebKit exploit for 3.30-3.36 FW PSVita by xyz: used in vitasploit
* [https://github.com/RKX1209/CVE-2014-1303 PoC for Linux by RKX1209]

==== Patched ====
'''Yes''' in 2.50 FW

==== Tested ====
* Working on 2.00-2.03 FW. Might work on 2.04 (99% sure as 2.04 PUP is about same size as 2.03 PUP).
* Working on AppleWebKit/537.73
* Maybe not working on FW < 2.00.
----

=== FW <= 2.03-? - WebCore::ImageInputType::attach Heap UaF (CVE-2013-2857) leading to ROP execution ===

==== Credits ====
* Chromium bugs reporters
* JumpCallPop, jam1garner, hedgeberg for inital exploit on Wii U
* yellows8 for ROP on Wii U
* orboditilt for increasing stability on Wii U
* zoogie for porting Wii U exploit to New3DS
* CelesteBlue for testing on PS4 FW 2.03

==== Analysis ====
* [https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=240124 Chromium bug report with a PoC]

==== Bug Description ====
Use-after-free with input type image. Error event was fired synchronously blowing away the input element from underneath.

Exploiting this vulnerability on PS4 is not good because:
* This vulnerability does not provide arbitrary RW without code execution, hence ROP chain (at least to stack pivot to JiT code) must be made with a memory dump or decrypted modules for this FW gotten using another vulnerability.
* There is userland ASLR since about FW 1.70 so ROP chain gadgets must be relocated at runtime. This means another vulnerability allowing userland arbitrary read is needed.
* As usually an arbitrary read vulnerability also gives arbitrary write, and as arbitrary RW leads to userland code execution (by hijacking JS pointers in virtual table), this UaF is not needed at all.
* Even if we get ROP chain to work on PS4 with this UaF vulnerability, there is no evidence that a return to JavaScript from ROP chain is doable, making this exploit less convenient than arbitrary RW exploits method of getting code execution then returning to userland by restoring vtable.

==== Exploit Implementation ====
* [https://github.com/WiiUTest/JsTypeHax Initial Wii U implementation]
* [https://github.com/WiiUTest/JsTypeHax/blob/master/payload/exploit_WORKING.html Wii U stabler implementation (last update May 22, 2018)]
* [https://github.com/wiiu-env/JsTypeHax Wii U tabler implementation (last update Jan 13, 2019)]
* [https://github.com/Hiperhazz/wiiuexploit/blob/master/firmware/Exploit.html Wii U stabler implementation by Hiperhazz (last update May 26, 2020)]
* [https://github.com/zoogie/new-browserhax/blob/master/index.html New3DS implementation by zoogie (last update Aug 9, 2020)]

==== Patched ====
'''Yes''' in ? FW

==== Tested ====
* Working on 2.03 FW. Might work on 2.04 (99% sure as 2.04 PUP is about same size as 2.03 PUP).
----

=== FW <= 1.76 - JSArray::sort() Heap Overflow (CVE-2012-3748, PSA 2013-0903-1) leading to arbitrary RW ===

==== Credits ====

* Vitaliy Toropov for the exploit on Mac OS X Safari (September 4, 2013)
* nas and Proxima for the first PS4 POC on 1.76 PS4 (Oct. 23, 2014)
* sony for patching the exploit in FW 2.00 (Oct 27, 2014)
* CTurt for the rewriting (PS4 1.76 PlayGround) and implementation with his 1.76 kexploit (December 6, 2015) [https://twitter.com/CTurtE/status/673581693207502849]

==== Analysis ====
* [https://packetstormsecurity.com/files/cve/CVE-2012-3748 CVE-2012-3748]
* [https://packetstormsecurity.com/files/123088/ PSA 2013-0903-1]
* [https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/28081/ Exploit PoC by Vitaliy Toropov]

==== Bug Description ====
By forcing the compare function to reduce the size of the array, trailing items will be written out of bounds (OOB write), leading to heap memory corruption.

==== Exploit Implementation ====
* [http://wololo.net/talk/viewtopic.php?p=368577 first POC for 1.76 PS4 by nas and Proxima]
* [http://wololo.net/downloads/index.php/download/8230 mirror]
* [http://daxhordes.org/ps4_176/ps4_dump.html live test]
* [http://daxhordes.org/ps4_176/ps4_dump2.html livetest2]
* [http://daxhordes.org/ps4_176/ps4_rop2.html ROP2]
* [https://cturt.github.io/PS4-playground/ PS4 playground 1.76 by CTurt]
* [https://bitbucket.org/DaveeFTW/psvita-260-webkit/src/master/ PSVita 2.00-3.20 WebKit exploit]

==== Patched ====
'''Yes''' in 2.00 FW

==== Tested ====
* Working on 1.00-1.76 FW, AppleWebKit/531.3-536.26
* Might work on FW 0.930.020.

== Userland securities ==

=== Userland ASLR ===

* Very old firmwares (<= 1.05) don't have ASLR enabled, but it was introduced sometime before firmware 1.70. "Address Space Layout Randomization" (ASLR) is a security technique which causes the base addresses of modules to be different every time you start the PS4.
* To defeat userland ASLR on FWs >=1.70, we can use the module imports table to find other modules address once we know SceWebkit2 address.

=== Module imports table cleaned before execution ===

* Between 1.76 and 4.05, Sony did that to prevent webkit exploiters from defeating userland ASLR easily.
* Now we have to dump entire userland sandboxed memory, and by studying it we can defeat ASLR:
1. Chose a function (ex: __stack_chk_fail) imported from LibKernel by SceWebkit2
2. Read pointer contained at the address where the call is done
3. Substract to this pointer the offset of the function (ex: __stack_chk_fail) in LibKernel module
4. This result is LibKernel base address. This method works for any imported module.

=== DEP / NX ===
* "Data Execution Prevention" / "No eXecute" is enabled on all firmwares. It prevents allocating memory as both RW and RX at same time (RWX) so preventing us from writing shellcode to userland memory then executing it.
* 2 ways to bypass this security: JiT vulnerability (FW <= 1.76) or ROP (all FWs).

=== JiT removed from webbrowser ===
* On FW <= 1.76, you could map RWX memory from ROP by abusing the JiT functionality and the sys_jitshm_create and sys_jitshm_alias system calls. This however was fixed after 1.76, as WebKit has been split into two processes. One handles javascript compilation and the other handles other web page elements like image rendering and DOM. The second process will request JiT memory upon hitting JavaScript via IPC (Inter-Process Communication). Since we no longer have access to the process responsible for JiT, we can no longer (at least currently), map RWX memory for proper code execution unless the kernel is patched.
* Workaround is to use ROP.

=== Syscalls removed ===

=== Syscall 0 disabled i.e Error Kernel: The application directly issues a syscall instruction (24) ===

* Between 2.00 and 2.57, SCE has removed system call 0, so we can no longer call any syscall we want by specifying the call number in the rax register.
* Doing so now crashes the app and gives error CE-34878-0, SCE_KERNEL_ABORT_REASON_SYSTEM_ILLEGAL_FUNCTION_CALL, with the message "Kernel: The application directly issues a syscall instruction (24)".
* We now have to use wrappers provided to us from the libkernel / libkernel_web / libkernel_sys modules to access system calls.

=== bpf_write function stripped out of the kernel ===

* On 4.70, bpfwrite() was stripped out of the kernel entirely to patch kernel vulnerability exploited in 4.55 kexploit.

=== bpf_open function blocked for unprivileged processes ===
* On 5.50, opening BPF has been blocked for unprivileged processes such as WebKit and other apps/games. It's still present in the sandbox, however attempting to open it will fail and yield EPERM. This aims blocking BPF kernel exploits especially qwertyoruiop's BPF double free UAF.

=== bpf_ioctl function blocked or removed ===
* Moreover, on FW 5.50+, opening BPF is still possible in less sandboxed apps like test/devkits fselfs. But this is useless because ioctl doesn't work.

=== Device access blocked/removed from webbrowser ===

* Around 6.50-6.70, device access got blocked or removed. Now you can no longer access devices from webbrowser

== Kernel Exploits ==

=== FW <= 9.00 - exFAT driver OOB ===

==== Credits ====
* 2021-10-27 sleirsgoevy for PS4 <= 9.03 WebKit exploit
* 2021-12-02 zecoxao for advicing the vulnerability after diffing 9.00 and 9.03 PS4 kernels
* 2021-12-13 ChendoChap, Znullptr, Specter for PS4 9.00 kernel exploit release

==== Analysis ====
[https://twitter.com/notzecoxao/status/1466463051872448521 Vulnerability adviced by zecoxao for exploitation (2021-12-02)]

==== Bug Description ====
The PS4 kernel exFAT driver has an OOB vulnerability that can be triggered by inserting a malicious USB storage device in PS4 in addition to having usermode code execution. Exploitation requires to flash an image to a common USB storage device.

==== Exploit Implementation ====
* [https://github.com/ChendoChap/pOOBs4 ChendoChap's implementation for PS4 9.00 (2021-12-13)]

==== Patched ====
'''Yes''' in 9.03 FW
----

=== FW <= 7.55 - IP6_EXTHDR_CHECK Double Free (CVE-2020-9892) ===

==== Credits ====
* 2019-09-15 tuexen for finding the FreeBSD vulnerability [https://reviews.freebsd.org/D21664]
* 2020-07-24 TheFloW for finding CVE-2020-9892 in XNU
* 2020-07-26 TheFloW for porting CVE-2020-9892 to PS4
* 2020-07-27 TheFloW for publishing publicly a PoC leading to code execution on XNU. [https://twitter.com/theflow0/status/1324687305018408961]
* 2021-01-12 TheFloW for disclosing publicly the PS4 vulnerability. [https://hackerone.com/reports/943231]
* 2021-01-20 sleirsgoevy for making a first working exploit for FreeBSD 9 [https://twitter.com/sleirsgoevy/status/1351689713564979200]
* 2021-03-03 sleirsgoevy for making a second working exploit for FreeBSD 9 [https://twitter.com/sleirsgoevy/status/1367098280736399368]
* 2021-03-12 sleirsgoevy for making the first public usable exploit for PS4 7.50-7.55 (https://twitter.com/sleirsgoevy/status/1370481212813348865)

==== Analysis ====
* [https://reviews.freebsd.org/D21664 Fix handling of Hop-by-Hop options over the loopback interface commits review (2019-09-15 to 2020-05-07)]
* [https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT211288 Apple iOS 13.6 and iPadOS 13.6 Security Update (2020-07-24)]
* [https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT211289 Apple macOS Catalina 10.15.6 Security Update (2020-07-24)]
* [https://hackerone.com/reports/943231 TheFloW's report of the exploit with undisclosed PS4 and FreeBSD 9 PoCs]
* [https://github.com/google/security-research/security/advisories/GHSA-gxcr-cw4q-9q78 TheFloW's writeup and PoC for XNU (2020-07-26)]
* [https://github.com/freebsd/freebsd-src/commit/68e0e5a673c5026c68dba62314a2e58ad1533cfd#diff-816eb9feee4ece60d3c6e8933a75baf4fcfbdce0284500d86ac80e24827a19c8 Vulnerability adviced by TheFloW for exploitation (2018-02-05)]

==== Bug Description ====
Memory corruption can be achieved by sending fragmented IPv6 packets to loopback interface due to poor and inconsistent use of IP6_EXTHDR_CHECK.

The macro IP6_EXTHDR_CHECK can free the mbuf if the packet is sent to loopback interface. This fact is not considered in dest6_input(), frag6_input() and more. For example in dest6_input(), the double pointer is not updated.

Hence, when parsing next headers, the mbuf can be free'd once again, leading to a double free which behaves like a use-after-free when we allocate mbuf's again.

Normally, this path would not be triggerable, because sending to loopback interface requires SOCK_RAW root privileges. However, for some reason on the PS4 SOCK_RAW sockets can be opened in Webkit process! Moreover, CelesteBlue confirmed that SOCK_RAW sockets can also be opened in PS4 Kit fSELF.

According to TheFloW, the reliability of the FreeBSD 9 PoC is very high, around 80%, whereas the PS4 PoC's is not very high, he guesses around 20%.

==== Exploit Implementation ====
* [https://github.com/google/security-research/security/advisories/GHSA-gxcr-cw4q-9q78 TheFloW's writeup and PoC for XNU (2020-07-27)]
* [https://gist.github.com/sleirsgoevy/ff591bfdc3a6f7573ed2388b018b31ec sleirsgoevy's first exploit PoC for FreeBSD 9 (2021-01-20)]
* [https://asciinema.org/a/385584 Demonstration video of sleirsgoevy's first exploit PoC for FreeBSD 9 (2021-01-20)]
* [https://gist.github.com/CelesteBlue-dev/de46d9e94823f0a6cf4b3b40ad635c14 Specter's kernel panic PoC for PS4 Web browser (2021-01-15)]
* [https://gist.github.com/CelesteBlue-dev/16303965ffea7e0a2c7c1d763cc721ec CelesteBlue's kernel panic PoC for PS4 Kit fSELF (2021-01-15)]
* [https://github.com/dayzerosec/PS4-Kernel-Exploit-Stream WiP exploit code by Specter and tihmstar (2021-02-24)]
* [https://gist.github.com/sleirsgoevy/35722572b0096f9acfd76a97b5678bed sleirsgoevy's second exploit PoC for FreeBSD 9 (2021-03-03)]
* [https://asciinema.org/a/396409 Demonstration video of sleirsgoevy's second exploit PoC for FreeBSD 9 (2021-03-03)]
* [https://github.com/sleirsgoevy/ps4jb2/blob/75x/src/jb.c sleirsgoevy's implementation for PS4 7.5x (2021-03-12)]

==== Patched ====
'''Yes''' in 8.00 FW
----

=== FW <= 7.02 - IPV6_2292PKTOPTIONS UaF (yielding arbitrary kernel R/W) ===

==== Credits ====
* 2018-08-18 up to 2020-07-06 Fire30 for finding and keeping the vulnerability as a private 0day for it not to be patched by SIE. [https://twitter.com/Fire30_/status/1280228173888831490]
* 2020-07-06 TheFloW for publishing publicly a PoC leading to code execution on FreeBSD. [https://twitter.com/theflow0/status/1280224554393178122]
* sleirsgoevy and ChendoChap for porting the PoC to PS4 and chaining it with the 6.72 and 7.02 webkit exploits.

==== Analysis ====
* [https://hackerone.com/reports/826026 TheFloW's report of the exploit with a FreeBSD 9-12 PoC]

==== Bug Description ====
Due to missing locks in option IPV6_2292PKTOPTIONS of setsockopt, it is possible to race and free the struct ip6_pktopts buffer, while it is being handled by ip6_setpktopt. This structure contains pointers (ip6po_pktinfo) that can be hijacked to obtain arbitrary kernel R/W primitives. As a consequence, it is easy to have kernel code execution. This vulnerability is reachable from WebKit sandbox and is available in the latest FW, that is 7.02.

==== Exploit Implementation ====
* [https://hackerone-us-west-2-production-attachments.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/Y13EyQCGKEqxH8PpJgFKh5uY?response-content-disposition=attachment%3B%20filename%3D%22exploit.c%22%3B%20filename%2A%3DUTF-8%27%27exploit.c&response-content-type=text%2Fx-c%2B%2Bsrc&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQGK6FURQ4G43T3HL%2F20200719%2Fus-west-2%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20200719T222620Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEGUaCXVzLXdlc3QtMiJHMEUCIQD%2F0c09Z1wbdZi9kMJukdNUryexRJUKWxTiqcoAnsxE1gIgQqef8QiWKjHnPYTPLZO5P1KcXixsUrL2Z8AnnT404jEqtAMIHRABGgwwMTM2MTkyNzQ4NDkiDGkLHbTp2BRWlnoy5iqRA0gx69uKt57lUwOOB48RT1j6IEwp5FGjfVUviEc78dJ99qZaUUB%2FI%2BfRDN5J7OKceSsOZwZ1VebLhz2za2R2c5gjX9EtCWf%2Brl6EIvxMXSyC%2FYxnbAVAXvB8jf5sRWr%2FgqpUQbNr1V5JFbe6IYw%2FvlmiYqMzhSqBpupfI6E6cwa3luTr0GBWKR4lppzFXR7%2B6e9bUAC%2BQiQcPk%2FzNqKAGE%2FFKkDreC1Vvlct%2FvhqQ0HbaNesEQG%2F0qbv2%2B6UB9iU4n4uk369G%2BmwtnfEh0%2BEeptwYVwFApNIfwRdOXx%2FrPnL69fkuxjA8BKQpILIf2XYxrbtlE8Nth8z75cXxlFLgdfmhyidy2Q0wkjS45tx39ROJZQBC9g%2Fstx7u0jFZ1M3MJuBVJc%2FO5aWCPOBoZrQKpbAJqHSqF5x5ON3x%2BNkFbfMj%2B20qSfmBn7eT2FYBPR3bahKnI5lZeDzYAQgSIvUpAGW%2Fi2UL1ZmEqEKoV%2Fh67YYzCMzM3uUqPRuSGIeQsmUEQeY%2BjR7PPoR71928%2B%2FHFBbTMN%2FW0vgFOusB5oRuVzVviKnOLIHgixiK0h5rYZe5TfP3JtYhhy3XpV0RB3BliMzTvuhn5TevB9ZZlRYKnP7x08C888AIsUKSm3UuQpHmnZ1M5yeypI5MwjmLO51lBnQwigz0tHGDu2jlOLyvW9bXzFw1rNLSfM5x6dWmvMdYyTkStTFnwcN0V14U5EOVzdfo9WYogPfzq%2FEeOopTjDAusDtIBEtn4ILZxnlPxi8oLY8rI03lsF4GmRx6zQKJ%2Bzs44lQi5DRSMOueKTvWmPRaR83hUAIxlXdDCdM8wPYQe0eMl3V3macYTRK1FghrvW4BCo6ZqQ%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=2862cc641fee752f041d00f7d021826e09354ef202bb2da78a966e5b90830662 TheFloW's PoC for FreeBSD 9 and 12]
* [https://github.com/sleirsgoevy/ps4jb PS4 6.72-7.02 WebKit + Kernel Exploit implementation by sleirsgoevy]
* [https://github.com/ChendoChap/ps4-ipv6-uaf PS4 5.05-7.02 WebKit + Kernel Exploit implementation by ChendoChap]

==== Patched ====
'''Yes''' in 7.50 FW
----

=== FW <= 5.07 - BPF Race Condition (Yielding Double Free()) ===

==== Analysis ====
[https://github.com/Cryptogenic/Exploit-Writeups/blob/master/FreeBSD/PS4%205.05%20BPF%20Double%20Free%20Kernel%20Exploit%20Writeup.md Specter's Writeup of the 5.05 BPF Race Condition]

==== Bug Description ====
Due to improper locking, two threads can enter the BPF SETWF ioctl command handler. While the bug is similar to that of 4.55, the method of attack is slightly different. Since write() was removed for BPF in 4.70, instead of triggering a use-after-free with write() - SETWF is ran in parallel via threading. Eventually, both calls will copy the same pointer to the stack, leading to both threads free()'ing the same pointer, poisoning the freelist. This can later be leveraged via heap spraying to corrupt heap memory to obtain arbitrary code execution in supervisor mode (ring0).

==== Exploit Implementation ====
* [http://crack.bargains/505k/ PS4 5.05 WebKit + Kernel Exploit]
* [https://github.com/Cryptogenic/PS4-5.05-Kernel-Exploit PS4 5.05 WebKit + Kernel Exploit Source]

==== Patched ====
'''Yes''' in 5.50 FW
----

=== FW <= 4.55 - BPF Race Condition (Yielding UaF) ===

==== Analysis ====
[https://github.com/Cryptogenic/Exploit-Writeups/blob/master/FreeBSD/PS4%204.55%20BPF%20Race%20Condition%20Kernel%20Exploit%20Writeup.md Specter's Writeup of the 4.55 BPF Race Condition]

==== Bug Description ====
Due to improper locking, two threads can enter the BPF ioctl command handlers for setting a new write filter (SETWF) and setting a filter (SETIF). Both threads will reference the same pointer. In specially crafted situations, one thread could free() this pointer while the other thread executes it as a filter post-validation. This allows an unprivileged user to obtain an out-of-bounds (OOB) write on the stack, leading to arbitrary code execution in supervisor mode (ring0).

==== Exploit Implementation ====
[http://crack.bargains/455/ PS4 4.55 WebKit + Kernel Exploit]<br/>
[https://github.com/Cryptogenic/PS4-4.55-Kernel-Exploit PS4 4.55 WebKit + Kernel Exploit Source]

==== Patched ====
'''Yes''' in 4.70 FW
----

=== FW <= 6.00 ?6.02? - sys_getcontext Information Leak (kASLR defeat) (CVE-2018-17155) ===

==== Analysis ====
* https://www.cvedetails.com/cve/CVE-2018-17155/
* coming soon by CelesteBlue

==== Bug Description ====
System call 421 or sys_getcontext() initializes the structure pointed at by ucp to the currently active context. The vulnerability is, some areas of memory copied out are not initialized, and thus the function leaks memory at certain spots. This vector was patched in 6.20, as now before the buffer is used it is initialized to 0 via bzero().

==== Exploit Implementation ====
* QuickHEN by CelesteBlue (v2 not released yet)
* KitHEN by CelesteBlue (not released yet)

==== Patched ====
'''Yes''' somewhere between 6.00 and 6.20 FW
----

=== FW <= 4.07 - sys_thr_get_ucontext Information Leak (kASLR defeat) ===

==== Analysis ====
[https://github.com/Cryptogenic/Exploit-Writeups/blob/master/PS4/%22NamedObj%22%204.05%20Kernel%20Exploit%20Writeup.md#vector-sys_thr_get_ucontext Specter's Writeup]

==== Bug Description ====
System call 634 or sys_thr_get_ucontext() allows to obtain information on a given thread. The vulnerability is, some areas of memory copied out are not initialized, and thus the function leaks memory at certain spots. This vector was patched in 4.50, as now before the buffer is used it is initialized to 0 via bzero().

==== Exploit Implementation ====
[https://github.com/Cryptogenic/PS4-4.05-Kernel-Exploit PS4 4.05 WebKit + Kernel Exploit]

==== Patched ====
'''Yes''' in 4.50 FW
----

=== FW <= 4.05 - NamedObj Type Confusion (Yielding UaF) ===

==== Credits ====
* Chaitlin Tech for having been the first to show they had pwned PS4 FW 4.01 at Geekpwn convention. (2016-10-24)
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KLkKql31d44 official video], [https://twitter.com/ChaitinTech/status/790945929624948736 tweet 1], [https://twitter.com/ChaitinTech/status/790947840495267841 tweet 2], [https://twitter.com/ChaitinTech/status/790949072429428737 tweet 3] (2016-10-25)
* fail0verflow for the first writeup (2017-10-19)
* Specter for rewriting the exploit using a different object, and releasing it publicly (2017-12-27)

==== Analysis ====
* [https://fail0verflow.com/blog/2017/ps4-namedobj-exploit/ fail0verflow's writeup on the 1.01-4.05 namedobj kernel exploit] (2017-10-19)
* [https://github.com/Cryptogenic/Exploit-Writeups/blob/master/PS4/NamedObj%20Kernel%20Exploit%20Overview.md Specter's first writeup] (2017-10-20)
* [https://github.com/Cryptogenic/Exploit-Writeups/blob/master/PS4/%22NamedObj%22%204.05%20Kernel%20Exploit%20Writeup.md Specter's writeup on his 4.05 implementation] (2017-12-28)

==== Bug Description ====
Type confusion in the namedobj system once exploited can lead to an arbitrary free() allowing an attacker to craft a use-after-free() (UAF) situation to corrupt kernel memory. This can be leveraged to eventually obtain an arbitrary code execution primitive in supervisor mode (ring0).

==== Exploit Implementation ====
[https://github.com/Cryptogenic/PS4-4.05-Kernel-Exploit PS4 4.05 WebKit + Kernel Exploit]

==== Patched ====
'''Yes''' in 4.06 FW

==== Tested ====
Works on FWs 4.00-4.05. On <=3.70 FW we haven't found a way to leak the target object, but it might be doable as F0F did it on 1.01.
----

=== FW <= 1.76 - dlclose Kernel Heap Overflow ===

==== Credits ====
* Discovered by CTurt.
* Privately implemented thanks to qwertyoruiop.
* CTurt published a writeup.
* The exploit was publicly implemented by kR105 and on another side by Zer0xFF and Bigboss (psxdev).

==== Analysis ====
[http://cturt.github.io/dlclose-overflow.html Analysis of sys_dynlib_prepare_dlclose PS4 kernel heap overflow (by CTurt with the help of qwertyoruiop)]

==== Bug Description ====
Integer overflow in the sys_dynlib_prepare_dlclose() system call can lead to a heap overflow causing memory corruption, allowing an attacker to obtain code execution in supervisor mode (ring0).

==== Exploit Implementation ====
[https://github.com/kR105/PS4-dlclose Public release by kR105]

==== Patched ====
'''Yes''' in 2.00 FW
----

=== FW <= 1.76 - BadIRET (CVE-2014-9322, CVE-2015-5675) ===

==== Credits ====
* Andy Lutomirski for CVE-2014-9322 (2014-11-22)
* Konstantin Belousov, Andrew Lutomirski for CVE-2015-5675 (2015-07-08)
* Adam Zabrocki (pi3) for asking CTurt to test CVE-2015-5675 on PS4 (2015-08-21) [https://twitter.com/Adam_pi3/status/634514173263769600], [https://twitter.com/Adam_pi3/status/641166271157960704]
* Volodymyr Pikhur for exploiting FreeBSD and PS4 in private (2015-09-24) [https://twitter.com/vpikhur/status/646925039103705088]
* CTurt for porting the exploit from FreeBSD 9 to PS4 (2015-12-06) [https://twitter.com/CTurtE/status/673581693207502849]

==== Analysis ====
* [https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=6f442be2fb22be02cafa606f1769fa1e6f894441 Fix commit for Linux CVE-2014-9322 by Andy Lutomirski]
* [https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2014-9322 NVD Bug Description for CVE-2014-9322]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171118232027/https://blogs.bromium.com/exploiting-badiret-vulnerability-cve-2014-9322-linux-kernel-privilege-escalation/ 2014-9322 analysis by Rafal Wojtczuk]
* [http://blog.pi3.com.pl/?p=509 CVE-2014-9322 analysis by Adam Zabrocki (pi3)]

* [http://seclists.org/oss-sec/2015/q3/66 CVE-2015-5675 PoC for FreeBSD by Konstantin Belousov, Andrew Lutomirski (2015-07-08)]
* [https://www.freebsd.org/security/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-15:21.amd64.asc FreeBSD security advisory by Konstantin Belousov, Andrew Lutomirski (2015-08-25)]

* [http://cturt.github.io/ps4-3.html Hacking the PS4, part 3 - Kernel exploitation (by CTurt) (2015-12-17]

==== Bug Description ====
Faults associated with the stack segment (SS) register are not handled properly, allowing unprivileged users to trigger an IRET instruction that accesses a GS Base from userland memory, providing an attacker with a method of privilege escalation.

==== Exploit Implementation ====
* [https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/36266 CVE-2014-9322 kernel panic PoC for Linux by Emeric Nasi (2015-03-04)]
* [https://github.com/RKX1209/CVE-2014-9322 CVE-2014-9322 exploit code for Linux by Ren Kimura (@RKX1209) (2017-07-19)]
* [https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/44205 CVE-2014-9322 exploit code for Linux by Ren Kimura (@RKX1209) (2017-07-24)]
* [http://seclists.org/oss-sec/2015/q3/66 CVE-2015-5675 PoC for FreeBSD by Konstantin Belousov, Andrew Lutomirski (2015-07-08)]

==== Patched ====
'''Yes''' in 2.00 FW

=== FW ??? - setlogin Information Leak (CVE-2014-8476) ===

Warning: this has not been tested on PS4.

==== Credits ====
* Mateusz Guzik for finding the vulnerability
* Volodymyr Pikhur for advising to use this vulnerability at his Playstation 4 Rest Mode DEMO in REcon Brussels 2018
* Francisco Falcon for making a PoC on FreeBSD 8.4

==== Analysis ====
* [https://www.cvedetails.com/cve/CVE-2014-8476/ CVE details]
* [https://www.freebsd.org/security/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-14%3A25.setlogin.asc FreeBSD Security Advisories]

==== Bug Description ====
The setlogin function in FreeBSD 8.4 through 10.1-RC4 does not initialize the buffer used to store the login name, which allows local users to obtain sensitive information from kernel memory via a call to getlogin, which returns the entire buffer.

When setlogin(2) is called while setting up a new login session, the login name is copied into an uninitialized stack buffer, which is then copied into a buffer of the same size in the session structure. The getlogin(2) system call returns the entire buffer rather than just the portion occupied by the login name associated with the session.

An unprivileged user can access this memory by calling getlogin(2) and reading beyond the terminating NUL character of the resulting string. Up to 16 (FreeBSD 8) or 32 (FreeBSD 9 and 10) bytes of kernel memory may be leaked in this manner for each invocation of setlogin(2).

This memory may contain sensitive information, such as portions of the file cache or terminal buffers, which an attacker might leverage to obtain elevated privileges.

==== Exploit Implementation ====
* [https://sysexit.wordpress.com/2014/11/12/analysis-of-cve-2014-8476-a-freebsd-kernel-memory-disclosure-vulnerability/ PoC for FreeBSD 8.4 by Francisco Falcon]

==== Patched ====
?

== Kernel securities ==

=== Kernel ASLR ===

Since 3.50 FW, ASLR (Address Space Layout Randomization) has been enabled in PS4 kernel. This means that to properly exploit the kernel to escalate privileges, an information disclosure vulnerability will most likely be needed to defeat ASLR and locate the kernel in memory.

=== Kernel SMAP ===

PS4 APU does not support SMEP ("Supervisor Mode Execution Prevention") so there is no way it supports SMAP ("Supervisor Mode Access Prevention"). However, in PS4 5.0x FW and above, a sort of SMAP was added to the kernel to prevent exploiters from pivoting the kernel stack pointer (RSP) to userland memory: attempting to do so would crash the system. Sony probably added checks into the scheduler to check the stack pointer (RSP) against userland addresses when running in kernel context. A new exploitation strategy is needed to run kernel ROP chains because an exploiters now needs to get his kernel ROP chain inside kernel memory to be executed.

==== SMAP bypass method: JOP ====

To bypass PS4 SMAP, qwertyoruiop decided in his 5.05 PS4 kernel exploit to go with the method he used on the Apple iPhone 7 - essentially using JOP to push a bunch of stack frames onto the kernel stack, and memcpy()'ing the kernel ROP chain into RSP. qwertyoruiop explained: "JOP seems to work, but exploit is not reliable enough to repeat it multiple times implementing logic in-between (like on the FW 4.55 kernel bug where every primitive would re-exploit the bug). Using pure JOP logic would be long because of the need to find good instructions gadgets, and would vary a lot from a FW version to another. The strategy chosen is thread-safe and calling-convention aware, but most importantly pivot-less. We use JOP to implement a simple loop based on deref&branch logic. Every iteration runs a function prolog followed by a branch. This pushes lots of stack frames on stack, padding RSP. When loop is done, prepare call to memcpy with RDI = RSP, RSI = controlled pointer, RDX = (size of pushed stack frame * number of iterations - 1). We overwrite all fake frames but one with ROP. Memcpy will return into our first gadget, kickstarting the chain. At tail end of chain we just return into matching function epilog to resume clean execution by popping the one untouched frame. RSP never pivoted so PS4 successfully runs the kernel ROP chain."

* [https://github.com/kpwn/PS4-5.05-Kernel-Exploit/blob/9e97c398342ed6499a00fce0c081f7bf1efaaef1/kernel.js Detailed annotation of the PS4 5.05 kernel exploit by Specter]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210116214117/http://crack.bargains/02r0.pdf Zero2Ring0 Slides by qwertyoruiop]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120512144251/https://marcoramilli.blogspot.com/2011/12/from-rop-to-jop.html From ROP to JOP article by Marco Ramilli]

==== SMAP bypass method: cli/sti ====

A PS4 SMAP bypass has been showed by sleirsgoevy in his 6.72 PS4 kernel exploit implementation. It consists in wrapping the main kernel ROP with cli/sti pair, which would prevent it from being preempted. This way the thread's CPU core will not run other kernel code during kernel ROP execution, and other cores have no way of detecting the stack pivot, so the mitigation is defeated.

* [https://github.com/sleirsgoevy/ps4jb/blob/master/src/oldkex.c#L451 cli/sti SMAP bypass in 6.72 PS4 kernel exploit]

==== SMAP bypass method: CVE-2021-29628 ====

A SMAP bypass has been found by m00nbsd while working on FreeBSD 12. It is named CVE-2021-29628 and affects FreeBSD 12.2 and later (til it was patched). It does not work on PS4 because PS4 kernel is based on FreeBSD 9 which did not contain the vulnerability and because PS4 SMAP is not coming from FreeBSD but is custom from Sony. It used to work on PS5 before it was disclosed and patched.

* [https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2021-29628 CVE-2021-29628 (FreeBSD SMAP bypass) by m00nbsd]
* [https://hackerone.com/reports/1048322 CVE-2021-29628 (PS5 SMAP bypass) by m00nbsd]

=== CR0.WP protection ===

At least since firmware 6.51 Sony instrumented all instructions that write to the CR0 register with checks for attempts to clear CR0.WP (Write Protect), which is necessary for patching the kernel. This is what it looks like in 6.51 kernel:

   a1b79:       0f 22 c0                mov    cr0,rax
   a1b7c:       48 a9 00 00 01 00       test   rax,0x10000
   a1b82:       75 02                   jne    a1b86 <-- skip the next instruction if CR0.WP is not cleared
   a1b84:       0f 0b                   ud2    <-- #UD exception, causes a kernel panic
   a1b86:       c3                      ret 

Note that the check is after the write, to prevent a ROP gadget from pointing straight at the mov and skipping the verification.

Bypasses (in chronological order):

* Use an "unintended" mov to cr0 in the middle of another instruction (e.g. instruction "call $+0x220f1c" (e8 17 0f 22 00) contains an unintended "mov cr0, rax" (0f 22 00))
* Use kernel write to give your process JIT permissions, allocate JIT memory, and put entirely custom code there (avoids the problem altogether, as it is specific to ROP)
* Since the IDT is writable on FreeBSD and PS4, it is possible to overwrite an exception handler without clearing CR0.WP first. One can overwrite the handler of #UD with a gadget of their choice (a stack pivot, or a "add rsp, ... ; ret", or whatever else), and the UD2 instruction in the mitigation code will happily jump to it instead of the real handler, with CR0.WP cleared.


{{Reverse Engineering}}
<noinclude>[[Category:Main]]</noinclude>